When not at Finca Rio Perla, and when in Miami, Paulo and Lauren religiously walk/hike at nearby Greynolds Park.  It is an amazing place, a real urban oasis.  Actually, Greynolds Park is famous as a hang-out for the "counter-culture" in the 1960s and 1970s, and now the venue of an annual "love in" in May. http://greynoldslovein.org/   In May 2011, the band Jefferson Starship played. http://www.jeffersonstarshipsf.com/  Yes, ... "Don't you need somebody to love .... "  Paul Kantner, cigarette in hand, and looking more like Keith Richards, the Jefferson Starship showed it can still create some good vibes: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bm0SNU4w4t0 

But, we love Greynolds Park all the time, and the park staff, the nicest and most dedicated nature- and people-loving folks you will ever find -- told us that budget cuts were threatening the park, and resulting in cuts in their "benefits", like health insurance.
 
So, we presented the problem to Hannah, and her 11-year old brain spun around for a few moments and she blurted out: "Let's bake cookies and sell them to neighbors and collect money for the park."  And, with Lauren's guidance, "Budget-Cut Cookies" was established in the kitchen.  Hannah not only helped with the cookies, but also with preparation of the accompanying materials to explain why she was going door-to-door collecting $$$ for Greynolds Park.  Most of the cookies were chocolate chip, but Paulo had some Finca Rio Perla macadamia nuts stashed in his freezer in Washngton DC.  And, thus, some of the batches were macadamia-chocolate chip cookies.  Yum-Yum. 

Well, Finca Rio Perla decided to match every dollar that Hannah collected from her door-to-door sales, which she did rain-or-shine.  Hannah is a tenacious saleswomen, so it was hard to keep up in the kitchen.  In all, Hannah collected $104 and Finca Rio Perla added $112 so that Hannah could take a check for $216 (that's 12 times 18, where "Chai" is the number 18 and a traditional Jewish good luck number.

Hannah and Lauren were thinking of an appropriate day to bring the $216 check to Greynolds Park, and it was decided that it should be done in honor of the Jewish holiday, Tu Bishvat, on Feb 7 2012. The Jewish holiday called Tu Bishvat, is called the "New Year for Trees". see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Shvat 

Tu Bishvat (Hebrew: ט״ו בשבט‎) is  a Jewish holiday, occurring on the 15th day of the  Hebrew month of Shevat (in 2012 this occurred from sunset on  February 7 through the time when  you can see three stars in the sky on February  8). It is also called  "Rosh HaShanah La'Ilanot" (Hebrew: ראש השנה לאילנות‎), which means the "New Year of the  Trees". Tu Bishvat is one of four "New Years" mentioned in the Mishnah.  Just think, in Jewish tradition there is a special holiday to celebrate trees. "Etz Chaim", which means  - the tree of life - is actually a very powerfiul Jewish symbol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etz_Chaim    In fact, it is the Torah, G-d's gift to humanity that is revered and praised symbolically as "Etz Chaim", the "tree of life".  Alternatively, humanity's gretest gift from G-d is the eternal "tree of life", deeply rooted in the soil. 

To further honor Tu Bishvat and to link Greynolds Park with Israel and Finca Rio Perla, we donated money to buy some trees in Israel to be planted by the Jewish National Fund (JNF), including the Childrens' Forest. http://www.jnf.org/
For Paul and Lauren it was a "deja vu" to make a contribution to JNF for planting trees in Israel, BUT-BUT instead of collecting spare change in bulky blue "pushkes" that would weigh so-so much, now it is all done over the internet with electronic transfers.  Oh well, I guess that that is called "progress" .... at least it is a smaller carbon footprint.  hahahaha

Anyway, the bottom line is that we love trees and parks and respect and honor all the persons who have dedicated their lives to working in parks -- usually with very very demanding work loads, and insufficient financial compensation.  These dedicated people are too often exploited because of their dedication and love of nature and people, and people and nature.  So, "Trees of the World Unite" ... power to the people who love trees ... being a "tree hugger" is a label to wear with pride.  

So, in May 2012, make sure you celebrate May Day, of course, but also check your calenders for "Love Fest 2012" at Greynolds Park if you are in the Miami area.  Otherwise, we hope that you can visit us at Finca Rio Perla in Costa Rica, or a JNF park in Israel, or anywhere else in the world celebrating nature.  Pura Vida - To Life - L'chaim, Dr. Paulo 

January and the beginning of 2012 has been a great month for the Equestrian Center at Finca Rio Perla.  As we have experienced, once again, building basic infrastructure is a necessary and expensive 1st stage in moving ahead.  The real challenge begins after the basic infrastructure is completed, and then the 2nd stage is the "finish", and the 3rd stage is organizing the operation and mainteance. To make thngs even more "fun", there is often overlap between the 3 stages, and also there are adjustments and revisions and updates during theses 3 stages, and the subsequent day-to-day activities.

So, for example, once the 16 stalls were all completed, including automatic water dispensers, we needed to add hay racks for placing cut grasses from the farm, and feed boxes for purchased feed.  Jose, our carpenter made a prototype hay rack, and then, with Lauren's leadership and suggestions from Efrain, Roger, Miguel and Estaban we modified the design.  And, what an incredible design ... that minimizes the amount of wood needed.  Likewise for the feed boxes.  So, with the new design, Jose used freshly cut wood from a large Choncho Blanco tree that had been hit by lightening.  Jose did the sawing of the tree onsite in the field, and we carried the pieces of wood to the horse stables. 

Besides the "finish", the entire operation and maintenance of the horses has changed since they moved into stalls.   Placing sawdust on the ground in the horse stalls and cleaning ("mucking") the horse manure is also generating big piles of compost that we will be using in the gardens when it is ready.  In addition, we are cutting improved pasture grasses from our macadamia farm, about 2 km up the mountain, and bringing it down to the stablo with our new car-drawn wagon.  We are fixing up a wagon for our work oxen that might also be an option for the future.

There is a lot of work to operate and maintain the new Equestrian Center at Finca Rio Perla, but the results to date are literally AMAZING.  The horses look better than ever, and getting horses ready for riding and then for taking off the saddles and other riding equipment (including riding helmets) and placing back in the nearby storage sheds is so much easier. Plus, the wash racks are right next to the stable and this makes grooming horses before and after rides much easier.  This is a great way for visitors to have a hands-on experience with the horses that they are riding.

Also, one of the most thrilling sights to see is the end of the day round-up of the horses to come back to the stable as they run as a herd with Volcan Turrialba smoking in the background.   This is real Pura Vida.

Lauren has been studying the herd's social dynamics, and this too is an amazing aspect of having a "horse community".  Like people, there is a social hierarchy and interesting inter-horse dynamics.  We are really lucky to have a friendly and social herd of horses, and of course this helps make riding in groups such a pleasure.  Our younger horses too, are more and more approachable in the stalls, and this increases the bonds between our horses and us.

With all of these improvements with the horses, the horseback riding experience is even better and better.  We have 2 major rides designed for visitors (and of course ourselves), and also several specially designed options for experienced riders.  For inexperienced riders, they quickly become more experienced after some instruction and practice in our horse arena.

Ride #1 is up the mountain as far as the trail goes, which is above the macadamia farm.  The views are incredible and the air gets cooler and cooler as you ride from 450 meters at the horse stable to about 650 - 750 meters at the macadamia farm, and close to 900 meters at the top.  Then, coming back down the mountian we dismount and hike through the macadamia farm to 2 different waterfalls and go swimmig in the pools.  Ride #2 is a ride through local villages to a neighboring farm that makes organic ice cream and yoghurts.  Yum yum.  The ride through the countryside is really colorful and peaceful.  Both of these rides take about 2 - 3 hours (or more).  

Anyway, that seems to be enough for the moment, lots more to talk about.  Pura Vida, Dr. Paulo  
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It is December 31 2011 and we are looking forward  to 2012.  We also look back with gratitude for 2011.  It was a good
year.  A lot of lessons learned and a lot of progress (including goat housing and milking area, biodigestor, big greenhouse, horse stables and arena, chicken houses, Casa Comunal completed, adobe cob oven).  We also had experience hosting overnight groups with more than 20 persons, providing meals and areas for workshops, classes, yoga, etc.  We are quite blessed.

Gracias to our great staff, to our hospitality hosts Efrain, Vivian and Manuel, and also workers Miguel and Sandra, Roger, Esteban, Jose (carpenter), Jose (horse trainer), Dennis the taxi driver, and our accountant Narly, lawyer Alonso, and to Ami our website designer and travel coordinator. We also say gracias to all the visitors, guests, friends and family, and volunteers and interns for your support.

We are hanging out on the patio at the Posada Rustica, and watching a pair of toucans in a tree by the patio. They are really huge toucans, and so-so close. There are other birds, too. It is raining, and everything is a beautiful green.

Best wishes for a great 2012 to all. Dr. Paulo and Lauren

It has been raining a lot, but the green colors are more green than ever.  And lots of birds are around.  It is really special to be sitting in the Posada Rustica and drinking organic coffee from Finca Rio Perla.  We have planted about 700 coffee trees, half of them from seedlings we produced from the last remaining coffee tree in La Perla.  The coffee, too is from that last remaining coffee tree.  Vivian and Sandra have been producing the seedlings and maintaining a smalll nursery. We are planting coffee at out highest altitudes of about 750 feet (about 2,300 feet).  It is a beautiful view of the Caribbean.  At the bottom of the farm at about 350 meters (about 1,100 feet) we just planted some cacao, that we need to clean up and continue to plant other trees/shrubs/crops for shade and ground cover.

It has been great to go horseback riding with Efrain and Hannah and the guests and visitors and neighbors.  We have taken a couple of rides to the neighboring village San Bosco for ice cream.  We were joined by our neighbors Wilfredo and his daughter Estephania, who is in Hannah's grade at school.  David, and also Melanie and her kids Kai and Alani.  It was also nice to ride up the mountain from the new horse stable by the Posada Rustica past the macadamia farm way up the mountain to more than 900 meters (about 2,800 feet).  Going up and up the mountain was refreshing, and the views coming down were amazing.  Then we walked to the lookout to the big 100 foot waterfall and walked up to the smaller about 30 foot waterfall.  The water was really rushing from all the rains.  Hannah is comfortable with TeddyFreda.  it has been nice trying different horses.  Zeus is really a smooth ride, he is so big and gentle. Valentino is our oldest home born-raised pony and he is 4 years old and riding for a year.  My first ride on ChayaDov was incredible.  She just wants to run, and has a beautiful gallop.  Hannah has managed to keep up and we need to always wait for Efrain and the others.  It has been good to use the new horse arena for training and practice.  

We are still trying to expand and stabilize our outlet markets for goat milk and cheese, and cow cheeses, and eggs so that we can have more incentives for being more efficient and producing more. The smoked goat cheeses are getting better and better as we experiment, and the plain goat cheeses are great.  We are also growing more and more products used as feed for the chickens for egg laying, and the eggs are so delicious.  

Miguel and Esteban have been busy cutting pasture grasses up in the macadamia farm and bringing them down to the new horse stables.  Together with Efrain and Roger they weaved netted hay bags from rope to hold the pasture grasses in the horse stalls.  These pasture grass feeders might be temporary and will be replaced by wooden hay racks.   But, for the moment it seems to be a good technique if we hang the net hay bags high enough, so horses can not step into them.  We are still working on getting our feeding and clean-up routines efficient in the horse stables.    Oops, gotta run. Dr. Paulo

  

Well, we are still are in high spirits from a good Thanksgiving holiday and long weekend, and an eventful November at Finca Rio Perla.  And we are very upbeat heading into December.

Our major project for November has been finishing the new horse stable (for 16 horses) and associated infrastructure (storage areas, horse washing areas, riding arena, improved pasture, and new fencing for the horses around the new equestrian complex).  And, despite many challenges along the way ... we are moved the horses into their new stalls.  Hooray!!!  Jose and Roger did a great job with the carpentry work.  And, as usual, Efrain managed the process and was assisted by Miguel and Esteban.

Vivian and Sandra have continued with their work in the vegetable gardens, and the plant nurseries (for vegetables and trees) and making cheeses from goat and cow milk, and other delicious foods.  And as always, keeping all the hospitality areas in order and ready for receiving visitors and guests.

We had some nice visitors and guests the past few weeks.  In particular it was nice to host a small group of university students from the USA who are studying in Costa Rica, and also a family that has bought some land in a neighboring village.  Despite the rains everyone had positive experiences.  As we begin December we are getting more and more inquiries from potential visitors and guests ... and new reservations.  

Now we are focusing on planting more fruit trees and maintenance of all the recently planted fruit trees (and coffee and cacao trees) and forestry trees.  As we have been learning, tree maintenance is key to tree health and growth.  So, it is not just a matter of how many trees we plant, but how well we maintain them after planting.

We also are busy with trail maintenance and the "finish" for the equestrian complex.  All a labor of love.

We also are looking forward to a "productive" December with the goats, since 4 goats are very pregnant and expecting birthings in December.  Three cheers for our macho rams Max and Tevya (they are such cool dudes).  Also, some cows are pregnant and we are expecting some new births in December.

Thus, we are looking forward to December, to celebrate our blessings from 2011 and to move on to the new year 2012.

Pura Vida. Dr. Paulo

So, even though October 2011 was a long month, our blogging was a bit quiet.  Although that does not mean that there was not a lot going on.  At the beginning of the month, Paulo, Lauren and Hannah went by horseback to visit some neighboring communities, and met several people that work in an organic coffee producers cooperative.  The cooperative receives coffee beans from a few nearby farms and then does the processing and roasteing and packaging of the coffee.  The coffee is so so good. Besides the great tasting coffee, it is a good opportunity for Finca Rio Perla to have such a cooperative located nearby ... because we have been planting coffee trees at the highest altitudes of the farm.  As we have mentioned before, the entire area had been a coffee-procucing area until about 15 - 20 years ago.

At the beginning of October, the new infrastructure for the goats was finished, and work began on the new infrastructure (stables and storage areas, "bodegas") for the horses.  But first, it was decided to once again strengthen the water systems to guarantee an independent flow of water to animals and plants and houses.  The official municipal water system needs to be upgraded, but that is a big job and for the San Franciso - La Perla Aqueduct Committee and/or the municipality.

In addition to physical infrastructure for the horses, a major effort has been to improve the pasture and especially planting of special high-quality grasses.  So, we hired out a tractor to use the plow we bought and prepare some land near the new horse stables and arena, and the veterinary doctor from Turrialba brought the special grass "plugs" to be planted.  In addition to improved pasture for the horses, more land is being cleared by Miguel and Esteban and they are planting with sugar cane.  We have been taking cuttings of good sugar cane from high up in the macadamia orchard to be planted at lower levels.  Also, we have been getting some planting material from neighbors.

For the infrastructure for the horses, Efrain and Miguel and Esteban have been helping Jose and Roger finish the foundation and basic structure, so that they can concentrate on the carpentary work.  The foundation and basic structure are finished, and the roof is up too.  Now, to finish the individual stalls. 

Things are moving ahead in the gardens, as Vivian and Sandra have taken over.  They have also bee continuing to transplant coffee seedlings, using coffee bean from the lone mature coffee tree that still exists at Finca Rio Perla.  Also, there is maintenance of the cacao trees that were planted at the lowest areas of the farm, and other fruit trees that have been planted.

Paulo was a bit distracted during October with work on a research proposal for Zambia and a 2-week trip to Niger.  But, communications with FRP have been good.  And, at least Paulo was around to celebrate Hannah's 11th birthday.  Another distraction during October was the rain.  There were a few storms off the coast that led to difficult weather conditions at the farm.  Of course, these were the storms that later battered the East Coast of the USA with rain and snow.  Yes, snow in Washington DC in October.  Sounds like a Halloween trick-or-treat ... jajajaja ...

Anyway, trying to catch up with the blog ... lots happening at the farm ... trying to catch up ... Pura Vida, Dr. Paulo
 


  

  






 
 

So much is happening at Finca Rio Perla it is hard to keep track at times.  But, we are staying on track (despite periodic diversions from our path).  The storage areas (bodegas) for the new horse stables are almost complete.  We decided to start with the storage areas for sawdust for bedding of the horse stalls, for saddles and other equipment, for feed, and for veternanry supplies. Then, we will start on the horse stalls, for 16 horses.  Jose and Roger are doing a great job with the construction, with some help from others.

The new greenhouse by Casa Communal is being planted by Vivian and Sandra, with seedlings prepared by our summer interns and volunteers, and they are staring new seedlings in the plant nursery.  Juan cleaned out all the area around the Casa Comunal and the greenhouse with a machete and weed-wacker (chapiadora) and this area is being planted with pineapple, yucca and assorted fruit trees.  Efrain, Miguel and Esteban also finished the new back-up irrigation system so that we can have an independent water supply (which also passes through the tilapia ponds and livestock areas). 

At the Pnina property along the Perla River at the entrance to La Perla (at the brdge), we are continuing the planting of Tropica La Perla, our inter-planted tropical garden of cacoa, plantain (platano), bananas, yucca, and assorted fruit trees.  We also bought, and are planting 200 palm trees for heart of palm.

In the macadamia orchard, about 2 kilometers higher than the Pnina property, a new horse trail was cleared to add a new dimension to the horseback ride up the mountain to the waterfalls.. It is really cool.  And, we have been busy cleaning up our organic macadamia orchard so that we can have another big harvest of fallen nuts.  In addition, at the highest part of the macadamia orchard, we are cleaning around the (500+) coffee trees we already planted, and preparing land for more coffee trees.  
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Yes, we are moving ahead ... but not in a linear, easy path ... everything, yes EVERYTHING is a challenge on a day-to-day basis, with the norm being a daily "emergency".  For example, a goat died, and one horse (Mimosa) kicked another horse (Le'Chaim) and that required attention.  I could go on and on ... but just wanted to make the point that life at Finca Rio Perla is often more of a cha-cha-cha than a tango.  But, for someone who loves to dance, that's the way it is ... as long as we get the "last dance" .... jajajajajaja ....   

We also hosted an interesting couple from California at the Posada Rustica, and they really enjoyed their experience at Finca Rio Perla.  Pura Vida. Dr. Paulo
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The vision and reality at Finca Rio Perla did not just materialize.  There have been many guiding lights in the lives of Paul and of Lauren to help guide us toward a desire to create a sustainable community based on the principles  of organic agriculture and permaculture and social justice.  Paul's experiences in Israel on kibbutz (communal farm) and moshav (cooperative farming community) were major beacons. 

But, let us also say thanks to our parents for the foresight to send us to Camp Blue Star in Hendersonville, North Carolina.   http://www.bluestarcamps.com/   Thanks for providing us with opportunities that you, as children could never have dreamed about for yourselves.  BUT ... you were driven to provide your children with all the opportunities to love and appreciate nature and to nurture the environment and to try to live in harmony with others and self.  And, you were driven to instill the next generation of Jewish survivors the survival skills in a rough and tumble world outside the ghetto walls.  Survival is not just about brains ... but about brawn too and sometimes about brawling mentally and/or physically. Yes, we all must wrestle with the angels (and devils) ... real and imagined.

Rereading the FRP blog posting for August 25, 2011 on "Nature's Way of Telling Us", it reminds me that that Spirit album was my 1st record album, that I won playing cards (hearts) for money (a penny a point) at Camp Blue Star.  That record album, along with the original Led Zeppelin and Cream albums and Super Session with Kooper-Bloomfeld were part of the stash won playing cards for a penny a point.  So, at a young age the potential gains from "calculated gambling" (jajajaja) really using the brain to overcome challenges with a combo of smarts and instincts and composure and not allowing others to call your bluff ... all these are survival characteristics.  Yes, the ability to recognize and assess risks and returns, and not let the fear of risks overcome the quest for positive returns ... risk management is about survival. You need to conquer your fears ... or at least not be guided by the negative things that "could happen". 

Anyway, thanks to my parents, Bernie and Irene who sent me to Camp Blue Star to experience nature in nature and in community.  Thanks to Lauren's parents, Harvey and Esther, for sending her to Camp Blue Star.  And, of course, one of the great adventures of the summer was driving to Camp Blue Star in Hendersonville, North Carolina to take Hannah for her 2nd 8-week summer experience at Camp Blue Star.  After 40+ years we drove over the small entry bridge that divides the worlds of of "on-the-bus" and "off-the-bus" ... with such pangs of deja vu.  And, then after parking and helping Hannah settle into her bunk among friends from the past summer, we took a walk together down memory lane.  And like a cloud of smoke I was directed and pulled to the softball field by the lake where I had been a bastion at 3rd base.  I was pulled to the spot ... despite Hannah saying: "There is no softball field by the lake."   Well, I was pulled to that field of dreams and found my "sweet spot."  And, ok ... as a sign that "times-are-a-changin" it is now a soccer (futbol) field.  But ... my place ...my peace ... is there ... and that was the goal of the walk.  .

Of course, the major highlight of the summer was the 1st visit by Bernie and Irene Siegel to Finca Rio Perla in June, for their 60th wedding anniversary in July.  Yes, Bernie a few months before his 90th birthday and Irene a mere 82 years old came to Costa Rica to experience the experience ... to see the fruits of their labors as parents.  The (macadamia) nut does not fall far from the tree (jajajaja)

Anyway, there are many "bottom-lines" of this somewhat babbling blog on the 10th anniversary of 9/11.

As a day of reflection, as a day when we all can be in awe of the ugliest parts of history and mankind, let's also say thanks for all that has come from the ashes of the past, be in the camps of mass destruction in Europe during (and after) World War II ... or be it the ashes of the Twin Towers in NYC ... we are the survivors ... and we owe it to ourselves and others not just to say "Never Again", but to to follow the Nike lead and "Just Do It" ... walk the talk ... walk the talk ...

So, thanks to generations past ... for the present ... the good, the bad and the ugly.  You saw and felt the ashes of history and instead of letting the flame burn out and extinguish hope... you provided us with the awareness and courage to face our fears and embrace life and community ... and to follow the Blue Star to a green and just world. I realize that all of my childhood and adult life I have tried to make my reality the dream of being in perpetual summer camp ...
Pura Vida. Dr. Paulo 

Gates and fences are a critical part of a farm's infrastructure.  Gates and fences are important to keep animals within a designated area and to protect trees and plants from animals getting in.  Gates and fences also delineate property boundaries.   That is, gates and fences have a critical role for security and safety of humans, animals and plants on a farm.  At Finca Rio Perla we just completed some major repairs of our gates and fences to protect and secure our new investments for a new infrastructure for our goats and our greenhouse, and our planting of coffee trees and cacoa trees.  A major new fence was placed at the very highest parts of the farm, to protect our new coffee trees.  Thanks to our neighbor, Martin, for sharing the costs for building this new fence.

So, gates and fences keep in the good and keep out the bad, so to speak.  And, closing gates and closing gaps in fences is a major responsibility of all in a farm community.  Closing of gates and holes in fences does not mean, however, that we do not have an "open door policy".  Go figure ... jajajajaja ....

Anyway, Jose and Roger, with help from Miguel and Esteban and Juan and guidance from Efrain, have been busy fixing up our gates and fences in preparation for our next major building project ... the new horse stables next to the new horse arena.

Lauren's vision for Finca Rio Perla to become an equestrian center is becoming a reality.  The summer visit of Dr. Raul Jimenez, a veterinary doctor based in Miami, energized us and helped to provide technical and professional advice for constructing our new horse stables and improved pasture. 

With respect to Bill Gates, I have nothing to say.  Jajajajaja .... Pura Vida. Dr. Paulo
 

We purchased 300 cacao trees from our neighbor Rodolfo, and we started planting them at our lowest elevations.  Mostly at the Pnina (Hebrew for Perla or Pearl) property, next to the bridge over the Perla River (Rio Perla) at the entrance the village La Perla.  This is so so exciting that we will be able to produce our own cocoa and chocolate.  We also recently planted coffee trees above the macadamia trees.  So, we will have organic cocoa and organic coffee along with organic macadamia nuts.  Yum yum yum ....  Oh my gosh ... and we still need to build our trapiche (our traditional sugar mill that we have in storage)  ... yes, we plan on planting lots of sugar cane using our work oxen and the antique plow we bought.  We are also planning on renting a tractor to pull the large disc-plow that we bought.

To go along with the cacao trees, we are also buying a variety of fruit trees (such as papaya, rambutan (mamon chino), palms) and platano and banana to plant there as shade trees.  Juan, Vivian's father helped clear the area after we had some horses grazing down the grasses.  Efrain and Vivian are busy trying to find good fruit trees and other planting material.  Miguel and Esteban are doing most of the planting.  Vivian and Sandra are busy planting vegetables the new greenhouse. 

Thanks to our summer interns and volunteers and other visitors and guests for helping to prepare the planting material and working in our various gardens and greenhouses, and planting trees.   
===>  Muchas gracias a todan!!!!!    Pura Vida, Dr. Paulo